Discuter:Kampaku
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[modifier] A traduire
In Japan, the Sesshō (摂政) was a title given to a regent who was named to assist an emperor when the emperor was still a child, before the coming of age, or female. The Kampaku (関白 Kanpaku) was theoretically a sort of chief advisor for the emperor, but was the title of a regent who assists an adult emperor. During the Heian era, they were the effective rulers of Japan. There was little, if any, effective difference between the two titles, and several individuals merely changed titles as child emperors grew to adulthood, or adult emperors retired or died and were replaced by child emperors. The two were collectively known as Sekkan (摂関).
[modifier] Overview
The Sesshō and Kampaku had held the practical powers of the ruling emperor, conducting cloistered rule until shogunates took over the power from them. Most empresses had Sesshō with some exceptions in the ancient period.
In earlier times only members of the imperial family could be appointed to Sessho. Kojiki reported that Emperor Ōjin was assisted by his mother the empress consort Jingū, but it is doubtful if it is a historical fact. The first historical Sessho was Prince Shōtoku who assisted Empress Suiko.
The Fujiwara clan was the primary holders of the Kampaku and Sesshō titles. More precisely those title was held by the Fujiwara Hokke (Fujiwara north family) and its descendants, to which Fujiwara no Yoshifusa belonged. In 844 Fujiwara no Yoshifusa became Sesshō. He was the first Sesshō who didn't belong to the imperial house. In 876 Fujiwara no Mototsune, the nephew and adopted son of Yoshifusa, was appointed to the newly created office Kampaku. After Fujiwara no Michinaga and Fujiwara no Yorimichi, their descendants held those two office exclusively In 12th century there were five families among the descendants of Yorimichi called Sekke. Until 1868 those five families held those title exclusively with two exceptions of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu.
Sekke consisted in five families: Konoe family, Kujō family, Ichijō family, Takatsukasa family and Nijō family. Both Konoe clan and Kujō clan were derived from Fujiwara no Tadamichi, a descendant of Yorimichi. Other three families were derived from one of those two families.
A retired kampaku is called Taikō (太閤), which commonly came to refer to Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
The office and title of kampaku fell out of use by convention with the appointment of the first Prime Minister of Japan during the Meiji Restoration. Emperor Meiji abolished the office in 1872.
[modifier] List
[modifier] Sesshō and Kampaku of the Heian Era
| Sesshō | Kampaku | Reign | Emperor |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fujiwara no Yoshifusa | 858 – 872 | Emperor Seiwa | |
| Fujiwara no Mototsune | 872 – 880 | Seiwa, Emperor Yōzei | |
| Fujiwara no Mototsune | 880 – 890 | Emperor Yōzei, Emperor Kōkō, Emperor Uda | |
| Fujiwara no Tadahira | 930 – 941 | Emperor Suzaku | |
| Fujiwara no Tadahira | 941 – 949 | Emperor Suzaku, Emperor Murakami | |
| Fujiwara no Saneyori | 967 – 969 | Emperor Reizei | |
| Fujiwara no Saneyori | 969 – 970 | Emperor En'yū | |
| Fujiwara no Koretada | 970 – 972 | Emperor En'yū | |
| Fujiwara no Kanemichi? | 972 – 977 | Emperor En'yū | |
| Fujiwara no Yoritada | 977 – 986 | Emperor En'yū, Emperor Kazan | |
| Fujiwara no Kaneie | 986 – 990 | Emperor Ichijō | |
| Fujiwara no Kaneie | May 5 (lunar calendar), 990 – May 8, 990 | Emperor Ichijō | |
| Fujiwara no Michitaka | May 8, 990 – May 26, 990 | Emperor Ichijō | |
| Fujiwara no Michitaka | 990 – 983 | Emperor Ichijō | |
| Fujiwara no Michitaka | 983 – 995 | Emperor Ichijō | |
| Fujiwara no Michikane | April 28, 995 – May 8, 995 | Emperor Ichijō | |
| Fujiwara no Michinaga | 1016 – 1017 | Emperor Go-Ichijō | |
| Fujiwara no Yorimichi | 1017 – 1019 | Emperor Go-Ichijō | |
| Fujiwara no Yorimichi | 1019 – 1067 | Emperor Go-Ichijō, Emperor Go-Reizei | |
| Fujiwara no Norimichi | 1068 – 1075 | Emperor Go-Sanjō, Emperor Shirakawa | |
| Fujiwara no Morozane | 1075 – 1086 | Emperor Shirakawa | |
| Fujiwara no Morozane | 1086 – 1090 | Emperor Horikawa | |
| Fujiwara no Morozane | 1090 – 1094 | Emperor Horikawa | |
| Fujiwara no Moromichi | 1094 – 1099 | Emperor Horikawa | |
| Fujiwara no Tadazane | 1105 – 1107 | Emperor Horikawa | |
| Fujiwara no Tadazane | 1107 – 1113 | Emperor Toba | |
| Fujiwara no Tadazane | 1113 – 1121 | Emperor Toba | |
| Fujiwara no Tadamichi | 1121 – 1123 | Emperor Toba | |
| Fujiwara no Tadamichi | 1123 – 1129 | Emperor Sutoku | |
| Fujiwara no Tadamichi | 1129 – 1141 | Emperor Sutoku | |
| Fujiwara no Tadamichi | 1141 – 1150 | Emperor Konoe | |
| Fujiwara no Tadamichi | 1150 – 1158 | Emperor Konoe, Emperor Go-Shirakawa | |
| Konoe Motomi? | 1158 – 1165 | Emperor Nijō | |
| Konoe Motomi | 1165 – 1166 | Emperor Rokujō | |
| Fujiwara no Motofusa | 1166 – 1172 | Emperor Rokujō, Emperor Takakura | |
| Fujiwara no Motofusa | 1172 – 1179 | Emperor Takakura | |
| Konoe Motomichi | 1179 – 1180 | Emperor Takakura | |
| Konoe Motomichi | 1180 – 1183 | Emperor Antoku | |
| Matsudono Shika | 1183 – 1184 | Emperor Antoku | |
| Konoe Motomichi | 1184 – 1186 | Emperor Antoku, Emperor Go-Toba | |
| Kujō Kanezane | 1186 – 1191 | Emperor Go-Toba | |
| Kujō Kanezane | 1191 – 1196 | Emperor Go-Toba |
[modifier] Famous Sesshō and Kampaku of the Kamakura period
- Kujō Yoshitsune (Sesshō 1202 – 1206 for Emperor Tsuchimikado)
- Kujō Michiie (Sesshō 1221 for Emperor Chūkyō, Kampaku, 1228 – 1231, 1235 – 1237 for Emperor Shijō)
- Nijō Yoshimi? (Kampaku 1242 – 1246 for Emperor Go-Saga, 1261 – 1265 for Emperor Kameyama)
- Ichjō Sanetsune (Sesshō 1246 – 1247 for Emperor Go-Fukakusa, Kampaku 1265 – 1267 for Emperor Kameyama)
[modifier] Famous Sesshō and Kampaku of the Muromachi period
- Nijō Yoshimoto (Kampaku 1346 – 1358, 1363 – 1367, Sesshō, 1382 – 1387, 1388)
- Ichijō Tsunetsugu (Kampaku 1399 – 1408 for Emperor Go-Komatsu, 1410 – 1418 for Go-Komatsu and Emperor Sh&ōkō)
- Ichijō Kanera (Sesshō 1432, Kampaku 1447 – 1453 for Emperor Go-Hanazono, 1467 – 1470 for Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado)
- Ichijō Norifusa (Kampaku 1458 – 1463 for Emperor Go-Hanazono)
- Ichijō Fuyuyoshi (Kampaku 1488 – 1493 for Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado, 1497 – 1501 for Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado and Emperor Go-Kashiwabara)
[modifier] Famous Sesshō and Kampaku of the Azuchi-Momoyama period
- Konoe Sakihisa (Kampaku 1554 – 1568 for Emperor Go-Nara and Emperor Ōgimachi)
- Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Kampaku 1585 – 1591 for Ōgimachi and Emperor Go-Yōzei)
- Toyotomi Hidetsugu (Kampaku 1591 – 1595 for Emperor Go-Yōzei)
[modifier] Famous Sesshō and Kampaku of the Edo period
- Konoe Nobutaka (Kampaku 1605 – 1607 for Emperor Go-Yōzei)
- Konoe Iehira (Kampaku 1707 – 1709 for Emperor Higashiyama, Sesshō 1709 – 1712 for Emperor Nakamikado)
[modifier] Sesshō of the modern era
Under the Imperial Household Law, the office of sesshō is restricted to the Imperial Family.
